Iran's nuclear programme is one of the most important issues that bears upon Iran-Russia relations. Understanding how Russia behaves towards Iran's nuclear programme can play a significant role in decision-making on the part of Iranin this regard. It seems that Russia, in the case of Iran's nuclear programme has pursued dual-positions. Sometimes, Russia has cooperated with Iran in the field of it'snuclearprogramme, and sometimes in line with the West, Russia has obstructed it. the article aims to explain this duality in behavior of Russia. The authors believe that one significant factor in keeping Russia with Iran is Russia's attempts to revive Russian identity that has been marred by Western policies. This factor is understandable within constructivism.Also Russia's obstructions against Iran's nuclear programme due to geopolitical rivalries, and Russia's concern over Iran becoming a serious rival within southern borders, can be perceived within geopolitics theory. The research method of the article is descriptive-analytical.